Kajian 14 Pillar Pada Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) Sebagai Indikator Daya Saing Pariwisata Suatu Negara
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32659/tsj.v6i1.129Keywords:
Daya Saing, TTCI, Pariwisata, Travel, Daya Saing PariwisataAbstract
The concept of competitiveness is undergoing a revolution. The revolution of competitiveness theory becomes a new paradigm. Initially, competitiveness theory discusses the ability of a company to survive in a dynamic market. The new paradigm regarding the theory of competitiveness that has become normal science is currently being defined as a concept of competitiveness between countries. One of the competitiveness of a country can be obtained from the tourism sector. Why tourism? Because tourism has developed into a major and mainstay industry in the world. The World Economic Forum (WEF) as an international institution issued a report measuring the travel and tourism competitiveness of its 136 member countries. The report in question is better known as the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), in which there are 14 pillars that are indicators of a country's competitiveness. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method, which aims to examine the 14 pillars as an indicator of the competitiveness of a country's tourism. These indicators are actually quite good in describing the competitiveness of a country in travel and tourism, but in developing countries there are several indicators that are still difficult to achieve because development in certain sectors is still in the process of development and takes a long time to be assessed to reach the minimum value of the TTCI indicator. This has an impact on the assessment based on indicators on TTCI for developing countries that is not optimal.
References
Abdullah, M. Faisal. (2002). Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Keuangan, UMM Press, Yogyakarta (ID): UMM Press.
Barney, J.B. (1991). Firms resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17, 99–120.
Brokaj, R., (2014). Local Government’s Role in The Sustainable Tourism Development of a Destination. European Scientific Journal, 10(31).
Buckley, R. (1994). A framework for ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 21 (3), 661–9.
Bueno, A. (1999). Competitiveness in the tourist industry and the role of the Spanish public administration. Turizam47 (4),316–31. Special issue on competitiveness in tourism and hospitality.
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination in the future. Tourism Management 21 (1), 97–116.
Cho, D.S. (1998). From national competitiveness to bloc and global competitiveness. Competitiveness Review 8 (1).
Crotts, J. (1996). Theoretical perspectives on tourist criminal victimisation. Journal of Tourism Studies 7 (1), 2–9.
Crouch, G.I and Ritchie, J.R.B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of Business Research 44, 137–52.
David, F. (2001). StrategicManagement:Concepts (8thedn). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
David, Richardo, 2008. Teori Pertumbuhan Klasik. Jakarta (ID): PT. Raja Grafindo Pustaka.
Dessler. (2013). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Human Reources, Jilid 2. Jakarta: Prenhalindo.
Dunn, R. and Iso-Ahala, S. (1991) Sightseeing tourists’ motivations and satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research 18 (2), 226–37.
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. and Rao,P. (2000a)The price competitiveness of travel and tourism: A comparison of 19 destinations. Tourism Management 21 (1), 9–22.
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. and Rao, P. (2000b) Sectoral analysis of price competitiveness of tourism: An international comparison. Tourism Analysis 5 (1), 1–12.
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. and Rao, P. (2002). Destination price competitiveness: Exchange rate changes vs inflation rates. Journal of Travel Research 40 (February), 340–48.
Dwyer, Larry dan Kim, Chulwon. 2010. Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators. Current Issuen in Tourism, Vol: (6)5, 369-414, DOI: 10.1080/13683500308667962
Evans, N., Campbell, D. and Stonehouse, G. (2003) Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Frinces, Z. Heflin. (2011). Be An Entreprenuer, Jadilah Seorang Wirausaha. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu
Hassan, S. (2000) Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research 38 (3) (February), 239–45.
Heath, E. (2000) Key trends and challenges in destination marketing: The need for a new paradigm. In J. Ruddy and S. Flanagan (eds) Tourism DestinationMarketing:Gaining the Competitive Edge (pp. 123–35). Tourism Research Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology.
Ibrahim. (2015). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Ismail, M. dan Wildan Syafitri. (2005). Model Pengembangan Agroindustri Unggulan Untuk Memperkuat Daya Saing Daerah. TEMA. Volume 6, Nomer 1 Maret 2005.
Mo, C., Handy, D. and Havitz, M. (1993) Testing an international tourist role typology. Annals of Tourism Research 20 (2), 319–35
Murphy P., Pritchard, M. and Smith, B. (2000) The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions. Tourism Management 21 (1), 43–52.
Nizar, M. A. (2011). Pengaruh Pariwisata Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Indonesia Daftar Pustaka. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
Noe Raymond et al. (2006). Human Resource Management 5 th edition. Mc Graw Hill
Ohlin, B. (1933). Interregional and intermltional trade (Harvard University Press, Cambridge).
Poon, A. (1993) Tourism, Technology, and Competitive Strategy. Wallingford: CAB International.
Porter, M.E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.
Porter, Michael E. (1995). Competitive Advantage. New York (NY): The Free Press., edisi terjemahan 2008: Kharisma Publishing Group.
Porter, Michael E. (2001). Strategi Bersaing, Teknik Menganalisis Industri dan Pesaing. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Porter, Michael E. (2002). Strategi Bersaing Teknis Menganalisis Industri dan Pesaing, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta
Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review (May–June), 79–91.
Ritchie, B.R. and Zins,M. (1978). Culture as a determinant of the attractiveness of a tourism region. Annals of Tourism Research 5, 252–67.
Smith, S. (1994) The tourist product. Annals of Tourism Research 21 (3), 582–95.
Tambunan, Tulus. (2002). Usaha Kecil dan Menengah di Indonesia : Beberapa Isu Penting. Jakarta: Salemba Empat
Thurow, Lester C. (1999). Building Wealth: The New Rules of Individuals, Companies and Nations in a Knowledge Based Economy. New York (NY): Harper Collins Publisher, Inc.
UNWTO. (2017). Tourism Highlights 2017 Edition. Diunduh 18 November 2019, from World Tourism Organization Website: www.wto.org
World Economic Forum. (2001) The Global Competitiveness Report 2001–2002.
World Economic Forum. (2019). Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index Report. Diunduh 20 November 2019, from World Tourism Organization Website: www.wto.org
Zhang, Yi., Zheng, Xingwu., dan Lu Wei. (2018). Measuring The Openness of Chinese International Air Transport Policy. Transport Policy Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.03.014
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2020 Yuviani Kusumawardhani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
